writing (الباكالورياجميع مواضيع الانجليزية هنا)

Brain Drain

Every year developing countries lose a large amount of highly skilled workers to developed countries. The exodus of these workers is the result of political conflicts and/or economic issues. Immigrating to developed countries such as the United States offers both financial and social stability. However, the home country experiences a brain drain crisis that negatively affects their social and economic sector.


In developing countries, increased unemployment among college graduates is the driving force behind migration. These countries have limited employment opportunities for highly skilled workers. According to the African Capacity Building Foundation, "African countries lose 20,000 skilled personnel to the developed world every year. Moreover, inflation, political strife and stagnant wages make emigration an attractive solution.


The demand for skilled workers in the global market increases the mobility of migrants. In developed countries, industries such as information technology and health have experienced growth, which results in the demand for more workers. The open market allows employers to gain access to skilled professionals in the developing countries. This flow of labor increases productivity in the host country.

The loss of highly skilled workers affects social and economic growth in developing countries. For instance, Malawi is associated with one of the world's most severe nurse shortages. Lack of these nurses affect the delivery of vital health services. Moreover, the lost in human capital, decreases the country's overall growth.

When the best and brightest leave after qualifications their country receive little or no returns on their investments. In Africa, there is a high demand for South African professionals in the global market. This is attributed to the quality of training and education provided to them in their field of study. However, the Caribbean has the greatest amount of educated people living in the United States. According to Migration Information Source, roughly one-third of the Caribbean's college educated population is now in the United States. The largest impacts are felt in Jamaica and Haiti, which have two-third of their college educated population living in the United States. When these educated individuals contribute to the development of the host country but their home country's economic and social sector deteriorates.

In contrast, supporters suggest that migration spur economic growth in developing countries. Remittances from migrant workers increase the home country's capital. In some low income countries, remittances can account for up to 15 percent of annual gross domestic product. Most importantly, remittances develop infrastructure and financial resources that facilitate growth. In addition, diaspora communities promote "inward investments, technology transfer and increased trade flows. The overall effect of brain drain is beneficial to developing countries.

However, the United Nations developed numerous programs to combat the flight of highly skilled workers. One such program is Transfer Knowledge through Expatriates Nationals (TOKEN). This program encourages diaspora communities to aid in the development of their country especially those in post conflict areas. They facilitate development in countries such as Africa, Lebanon and India.

Throughout the research on brain drain in developing countries many supporters suggest that remittances encourage economic growth. But, my research question is how can remittances spur development in social sectors? Can remittances be enough to compensate for the lost of highly skilled workers? I do not believe that a country can develop without sufficient manpower in social services such as education and health. Finally, I will examine how the lost of these workers affect residing citizens and future of the third world countries.

internet
Advantages and Disadvantages
During his evolution journey from Neanderthals to Homo erectus and then to Homo sapiens, man has come long way. Because of his continuous quest for more and more amenities and facilities, the nineties have seen a major turnaround with the invention of computers. 10 years ago, the term internet was practically anonymous to most of the people. And today internet has become the most ever powerful tool for man throughout the world. The internet is a collection of various services and resources.

Although, many people still think e-mail and World Wide Web as the principle constituents of internet, there is lot more in store than e-mail, chat rooms, celebrity web sites and search engines. It also became the best business tool of modern scenario. Today internet has brought a globe in a single room. Right from news across the corner of the world, wealth of knowledge to shopping, purchasing the tickets of your favorite movie-everything is at your finger tips. Internet has great potential and lot to offer… however, like every single innovation in science and technology, internet has its own advantages and disadvantages.

ADVANTAGES

Communication:
The foremost target of internet has always been the communication. And internet has excelled beyond the expectations .Still; innovations are going on to make it faster, more reliable. By the advent of computer’s Internet, our earth has reduced and has attained the form of a global village.

Now we can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. Today for better communication, we can avail the facilities of e-mail; we can chat for hours with our loved ones. There are plenty messenger services in offering. With help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts, can explore other cultures of different ethnicity.

Information
Information is probably the biggest advantage internet is offering. The Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google, yahoo is at your service on the Internet. You can almost find any type of data on almost any kind of subject that you are looking for. There is a huge amount of information available on the internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support, the list is endless.

Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use the Internet for research for the purpose of gathering resources. Teachers have started giving assignments that require research on the Internet. Almost every coming day, researches on medical issues become much easier to locate. Numerous web sites available on the net are offering loads of information for people to research diseases and talk to doctors online at sites such as, America’s Doctor. During 1998 over 20 million people reported going online to retrieve health information.

Entertainment
Entertainment is another popular raison d'être why many people prefer to surf the Internet. In fact, media of internet has become quite successful in trapping multifaceted entertainment factor. Downloading games, visiting chat rooms or just surfing the Web are some of the uses people have discovered. There are numerous games that may be downloaded from the Internet for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal attention by game lovers. Chat rooms are popular because users can meet new and interesting people. In fact, the Internet has been successfully used by people to find lifelong partners. When people surf the Web, there are numerous things that can be found. Music, hobbies, news and more can be found and shared on the Internet.

Services
Many services are now provided on the internet such as online banking, job seeking, purchasing tickets for your favorite movies, guidance services on array of topics engulfing the every aspect of life, and hotel reservations. Often these services are not available off-line and can cost you more.

E-Commerce
Ecommerce is the concept used for any type of commercial maneuvering, or business deals that involves the transfer of information across the globe via Internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of shopping, almost anything. You name it and Ecommerce with its giant tentacles engulfing every single product and service will make you available at your door steps. It has got a real amazing and wide range of products from household needs, technology to entertainment.

DISADVANTAGES

Theft of Personal information
If you use the Internet, you may be facing grave danger as your personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. can be accessed by other culprits to make your problems worse.

Spamming
Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system. Such illegal activities can be very frustrating for you, and so instead of just ignoring it, you should make an effort to try and stop these activities so that using the Internet can become that much safer.

Virus threat
Virus is nothing but a program which disrupts the normal functioning of your computer systems. Computers attached to internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing your whole hard disk, causing you considerable headache.

Pornography
This is perhaps the biggest threat related to your children’s healthy mental life. There are thousands of pornographic sites on the Internet that can be easily found and can be a detrimental factor to letting children use the Internet.
Though, internet can also create havoc, destruction and its misuse can be very fatal, the advantages of it outweigh its disadvantages.

car accedent

Car accidents that cause injuries have happened virtually since automobiles were invented. The first recorded accidental injury occurred in 1869. An Irish woman named Mary Ward was thrown out of the steam-powered carriage she was riding in when it hit an especially deep rut in the road. She was immediately crushed by one of the wheels, her injuries causing an instantaneous death. Her cousin had actually been the inventor of this new type of vehicle, in a cruel example of irony.
Over the last 25 years or so, car accident injuries resulting in deaths have declined an impressive 50% worldwide. This is due primarily to increased emphasis by both governments and car manufacturers on safety, including the standard use of air bags to reduce the number of severe injuries and deaths caused by front and side car-to-car collisions.
Sadly, the United States is one of the few nations where injuries and fatalities caused by cars have increased over this same period. Experts suggest that this has several causes, including an increased number of motorists overall, a steady increase in the number of large trucks and SUVs sold, and a sharp rise in the numbers of people using cell phones and other technological gadgets while driving their cars.
Another common cause of car accident injuries is 'rubbernecking.' This is the term for slowing down (sometimes suddenly) to look at an unusual situation happening on the road (or nearby). Often, people do this to check out car accidents, which can cause other motorists farther back who are not paying close attention to fail to slow down or stop in time. Rubbernecking is the first cause of all rear-end car accidents and, in particular, whiplash injuries, in the United States.
Car accident prevention designed to reduce injury and fatality numbers focuses on technology and changing human behavior while behind the wheel. Modern cars and trucks are equipped with air bags, and proximity and drift monitors are becoming more common as well. Both emit loud tones to alert the car's driver that the vehicle is entering a dangerous area. In Europe, this has been shown to reduce accidental injuries from both car-to-car collisions and single-car accidents.
Changing driver behaviors to reduce car accidents is a tougher nut to crack - especially in the United States, where car ownership is embedded in the culture. People spend so much time in their cars today that it results in a sense of invulnerability. The subsequent lack of defensive driving is one of the reasons why accidental injuries from car collisions in America are bucking the worldwide downward trend.
Perhaps surprisingly, U.S. states with less restrictive speed limit laws actually have a slightly lower incidence of car accidents that cause injuries or deaths. This can partially be explained by a lower number of cars on the road per capita vs. some of the states with lower speed limits. However, even when adjusted for this effect, the statistics still show a slight edge to states with higher limits. Advocates of stricter enforcement of posted speed limits may be pursuing the wrong strategy, if the goal is the prevention of car accident injuries.
A better approach to accident prevention should probably focus on two areas that lead to many serious auto accidents: driver distractions and age. Cell phones are becoming the biggest distraction, and more and more states are banning their use by the driver while the vehicle is in motion. Even if you live where it is permissible, it's an extremely bad idea! Recent studies have shown a clear connection between phone use and car accidents.
Driver age has an interesting correlation with car accidents that cause injuries and deaths. At both ends of the spectrum, ages 16-20 and 70+, a much higher percentage of accidents occur than with other age ranges. Accident prevention based on the driver's age is not easily implemented, but calls by the public and advocacy groups are on the increase. Some suggestions include mandatory driver education courses, annual driver examinations to reassess abilities, and even a magnetic sticker or decal on all cars driven by a person falling into either age demographic. The latter entails the idea that alerting other drivers will increase their defensive driving attention, reducing the frequency of accidents.

cell phone
Advantages and Disadvantages

During the first half of last century, the word “ tourist” started to be commonly heard whether in Visa applications or travel agencies. Any person can be a tourist once he or she leaves their home town to visit another city or country. Yet, tourism is not confined basically to sightseeing or nature enjoying, it has rather extended to cultural purposes. Tourism is definitely beneficial, nonetheless there are side effects to this trend.

Until the 1800s people used letters for communication. But this way was very slow, and people couldn’t contact each other in emergency situations. There was also the possibility of letters being lost. But after the invention of the telephone in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, it became easier for people to communicate. Then in the 1970s, the cellular phone was invented. It brought many advantages into our lives. However, although cell phones brought many benefits into our lives, they also have disadvantages.

The most important advantage of cell phones is that they can be used almost everywhere without cables or electricity. By using a mobile phone, you can communicate with anyone whenever you want and wherever you are. Besides this, if there is an emergency situation, mobile phones can be useful. Furthermore, you can get access to the Internet by using a cell phone. These days, the world’s most common means of communication is SMS. Cell phones include this system, so in this way you can communicate with someone more cheaply than by normal calling.

In contrast, cell phones have some disadvantages. For example, cell phones spread electromagnetic waves. And these electromagnetic waves cause important health problems like cancer. Additionally, cell phones often affect the electronic systems used by equipment like cars, ABS (automatic brake system), and computers. This can cause big problems, such as accidents.

To sum up, cell phones not only have advantages, but also they have disadvantages. Mobile phones make our lives easier. But at the same time, they cause some important problems in our health.

Smoking

Smoking is an expensive habit and it should be banned. Although smokers claim that it helps them to relax and release stress, the negative aspects of the habit outweigh the positive. It is a health hazard for both smokers and non-smokers and it is especially harmful to unborn babies. Cigarettes are also addictive because of the nicotine they contain.

Cigarette smoking causes a number of health problems which are expensive to treat. It is a major cause of respiratory diseases such as asthma, lung cancer and bronchitis. It also leads to heart disease. In spite of the money which the Government receives from taxing cigarettes, the cost of medical treatment for these diseases exceeds this income. As a consequence, non smoking taxpayers are forced to pay for the health costs of smokers. This is a very unfair situation.

Another reason for banning smoking is that cigarette smoke affects the health of non-smokers and unborn babies. Non-smokers soften suffer from eye and nose irritations, allergies and headaches as a result of inhaling second-hand smoke. There is also evidence to suggest that passive smoking may cause lung cancer. Smoking during pregnancy can hinder to growth of the foetus and may even result in death.

Finally, the nicotine which is found in cigarettes is highly addictive. Other addictive substances such as cocaine and heroin are illegal. The fact that tobacco remains legal is an anomaly.

Thus, in summary, smoking causes numerous illnesses which are expensive to treat. It disturbs non-smokers and is an unhealthy addiction. Therefore, cigarettes should definitely be banned so as to make the world a better place for everyone.

Rights for Women

One of the most important tasks of youth policy is to improve the situation of girls and young women. Governments therefore should implement their obligations under international human rights. The main focus is to fight discrimination and violence against women meanwhile promote education, health and employment.
First, Discrimination and neglect in childhood can initiate a lifelong exclusion from society. Action should be taken to eliminate discrimination against girls and young women and to ensure their full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms through comprehensive policies, plans of action and programmes on the basis of equality. Initiatives should be taken to prepare girls to participate actively, effectively and equally with boys at all levels of social, economic, political and cultural leadership. For example a girl can take the role of the spokeswoman in a cultural event or a chairwoman of a conference ….etc.
As far as violence is concerned, Governments should cooperate at the international level and enact and enforce legislation protecting girls and young women from all forms of violence, including female infanticide and prenatal sex selection, genital mutilation, incest, sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, child prostitution and child pornography. Age appropriate, safe and confidential programmes and support services to assist girls and young women who are subjected to violence should be developed in cooperation with relevant non-governmental organizations, particularly youth organizations.
As for education, Universal and equal access to and completion of primary education for girls and young women as well as equal access to secondary and higher education should be ensured. A framework should be provided for the development of educational materials and practices that are gender balanced and promote an educational setting that eliminates all barriers impeding the schooling of girls and young women, including married and/or pregnant girls and young women. To illustrate this, girls do not join school at all or even if they do, they drop out without completing their primary years at school.
In addition, Discrimination against girls and young women should be eliminated in health and nutrition. The removal of discriminatory laws and practices against girls and young women in food allocation and nutrition should be promoted, and their access to health services should be ensured in accordance with international Programmes of Action. For instance, girls in the countryside receive less food than boys. Boys are supposed to help their parents in hard work on the field.
Concerning employment, Girls and young women should be protected from economic and related forms of exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous, to interfere with their education or to be harmful to their health or their physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development, in conformity with the Convention of the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Equal access for young women to all employment opportunities should be promoted and their participation in the traditionally male-dominated sectors should be encouraged. In Morocco as an example, women have access now to many jobs that only used to occupy till recently. She is train driver, a judge…..etc.
Finally, people must continue to be made aware of the harmful impact of gender barriers imposed by cultural beliefs, perceived roles and traditional practices so that they can practice equality. Governments and international and non-governmental organizations should provide access for girls and young women to training, information and media on social, cultural, economic and political issues and enable them to articulate their views.

Sustainable Tourism

During the first half of last century, the word “ tourist” started to be commonly heard whether in Visa applications or travel agencies. Any person can be a tourist once he or she leaves their home town to visit another city or country. Yet, tourism is not confined basically to sightseeing or nature enjoying, it has rather extended to cultural purposes. Tourism is definitely beneficial, nonetheless there are side effects to this trend.
Many countries worldwide depend on tourism as an industry to sustain the development of their institutions. It first began with countries endowed with a human heritage of monuments like Egypt, Yemen, England. Other countries lie on natural landscape like Thailand, Malaysia …etc. However, by the turn of the twenty first century, tourism expanded to other countries which were considered till a late time “tourist free regions”. The united Arab Emirates, for instance, a country whose economy is dependent primarily on Petroleum products, has launched a mega tourism structure. It began with setting up the Arab tower in Abu Dhabi, and is currently building a palm like tourist island on the sea. Many international corporations are establishing their offices in these newly built projects. As a matter of fact, the United Arab Emirates has been shifting its economic grounding from traditional sources of money investment into other forms.
Nonetheless, so many claim that tourism has some cultural and financial side effect. Culturally speaking, the waves of tourists visiting a country would definitely leave an impact on the inhabitants. Many youth, nowadays, imitate the youngster tourists as far as their outfit, way of walking and even hair cut. Some others would go further to do piercing on some parts of their body. Obviously, not only watching tourists doing such things or wearing such clothes lead the locals to doing alike, as there are other sources of influence: Satellite dish for example. Financially speaking, the locals inhabitants suffer from soaring prices in products as tourists can pay to get a lobster dish or enjoy some exotic fruits in a stylish restaurant. Hotels, equally, prefer housing tourists to the locals inhabitants.
All in all, tourism plays an important role in sustainable development of countries. Some have even taken the challenge of engaging in mega structures to raise the challenge of the millennium. Still, these countries should bear in mind the cultural and financial side effects of tourism.

Working women


Nowadays it is important for women to work outside the home because of economic reasons.Yet; this idea is still debated by many people. Some people argue that the family, especially small children, may be neglected. I believe that every woman has the right to work, but she should carefully consider the many problems she might encounter.
The major problems a working woman faces concern her children. She must either find a reliable person to look after them or a nursery school that the children can attend. But the big problem is that when the mother is at work, she may worry about her children. She may wonder if they are safe, if they are learning good values, and if her absence is hurting them emotionally.
After a mother takes into consideration all these problems above and perhaps other problems, she must decide if a job outside home is worth it.
I believe that in spite of all these obstacles, many mothers do work and manage a family successfully.
In Conclusion, it is a woman’s right to make this choice and only the woman herself should decide this matter.

Cultural values
Groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important; that is, valuable. In the United States, for example, values might include material comfort, wealth, competition, individualism or religiosity. The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honor or respect. In the US, for example, professional athletes are more highly honored than college professors, in part because the society values physical activity and competitiveness more than mental activity and education
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Young people
Old people are more annoying by far. They are so quick to degrade and stereotype younger people even though every group has had their criminals and bad apples. They are rude and think they can say or do anything to anyone without the other person having any recourse. I have been victimized numerous times by older people and all old people can do is keep degrading us. So I chose Young people because that has a no one can touch me attitude, demo and think they know everything
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Science and technologies
The distinction between science and technology is not always clear. Science is the reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method. Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety. Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering — although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference .

Human rights
The concept of human rights has existed under several names in European thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King John of England. After the king violated a number of ancient laws and customs by which England had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the Magna Cart, or Great Charter, which enumerates a number of what later came to be thought of as human rights.

Women's role in development
Women's participation in development has vital benefits. In the case of morocco, this participation takes place at there main levels: the social this political and the economic. First, we can't ignore the active contribution of women in our society as nurses, teachers or mothers and wives. As nurses. women give help to patients in hospitals. as teachers ,they teach the young generation and the illiterate. as mothers and wives, they bring up kids tube good citizens. Second, there are many women who take leading position in the government with a desire to encourage democracy, and establish freedom and equal rights at the components of our society.

Citizenship
is membership in a society, community, city or town but now usually a country and carries with it to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. Citizenship status often implies some responsibilities and duties. It is largely coterminous with nationality although it is possible to have a nationality without being a citizen legally subject to a state and entitled to its protection without having rights of political participation in it); it is also possible to have political rights without being a national of a state. In most nations, a non-citizen is a non-national and called either a foreigner or an alien Citizenship ,

International organization
International Organization is a leading peer-reviewed journal that covers the entire field of international affairs. Subject areas include: foreign policies, international relations, international and comparative political economy, security policies, environmental disputes and resolutions, European integration, alliance patterns and war, bargaining and conflict resolution, economic development and adjustment, and international capital movements. Published on behalf of the International Organization Foundation.

WHY DO CHILDREN LEAVE SCHOOL ?

One of the biggest issues that some families encounter is their children's dropping out of school. This is due to many reasons. First, most children who live in rural areas can't attend school regularly because it is situated far away from where they live. Their parents also need them to help with the housework. Another reason is that poor families can't afford to provide their children with all what they need for school, as books and school things are getting expensive. The problem is also due to family problems and divorce. Children can't study when parents often have rows. In cities, small children leave school early to go out to work and support their deprived families. As a result, these poor kids get lost in the world of adults. Some become addicted to smoking and drugs. Others turn to crime. Generally speaking, they are victims of circumstances and are, thus, often emprisoned.

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

Advanced technology has transformed our lives completely both physically and morally. Every day people are assaulted by new gadgets on markets. As a result, life is becoming more and more comfortable but complicated as well. Unemployment is spreading because machines are taking man’s place. Armed conflicts break out here and there due to free arm trade. More and more refugees abandon their home land in search of peaceful shelther. Technology is something good as long as it serves humanity. However, when it makes a mistake, the price to pay is very high : human lives!

MOROCCAN WEDDING

Every country has got its own culture and customs which of course differ from other nations. Therefore, Morocco is no exception. As far as celebrations are concerned, weddings are prepared differently in our country. There are many steps to be done before, during and after the wedding ceremony. Firstly, meetings are organised by both families to agree on many things in particular the dowry and also to fix the date of the feast.
Then, the groom’s family take food ( sheep, oil, sugar, vegetables, fruit etc…in vans usually accompanied by a mucical group) to the bride’s house who are of course expecting the visit.
Next, on the day of the wedding party, many people are invited. A lot of food is served to the guests mainly two main dishes : chicken and meat. Cake and tea are served to the visitors before and after. A musical orchestra plays popular songs and many people dance. The bride changes costumes and walks in front of her future husband.
At dawn, many cars in cavalcade leave for the hotel where the new couple is supposed to spend the night.

ILLITERACY

Illieracy is one of the biggest problems in the third world countries. It is spreading as quick as a forest fire among women especially in rural areas. The government has already lauunched several campaigns aiming at reducing the rate. However, this is not enough. We should build more and more schools in remote regions. Moreover, we ought to urge villagers to send their children , mainly girls, to school. Mass media should play a major role to fight this phenomenon which hinders development through special prgrammes so as to show the importance of literacy and its benefits for individuals no matter how differents in age or sex they are.

THE DRIFT TOWARDS CITIES
More and more villagers move towards cities every year in search for a better life. This drift is due to many reasons. First, the city offers many job opportunities with tempting salaries. Second, life necessities such as water, electricity, transport, health care, education and entertainment are available. Moreover, severe droughts and unemployment are the major cause of this drift. Once these villagers set foot on a big city, they find it hard to adjust to the new life. The city now is crammed with people and vehicles. As a result, pollution and waste are everywhere which affects people’s health

MY SCHOOL'S PROJECT

Some of my classmates and I decided to take part in our school’s project. We wanted to change the way the classroom looked. The walls had bad writings on them, the rooms were dirty and unsuitable for learning and the windows were broken. A group got in charge of painting the walls. We wanted the classrooms to be bright and nicely decorated. Some replaced broken windows and repaired the lamps. At first, the idea seemed impossible. But now, I can say that team work always pays off. I never knew how important voluntary work was until I took part in my school’s project. Thanks to a goup work, our school now looks different. In fact, its name used among other schools as a model of cleanness.

A WOMAN'S PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPMENT

Nobody can deny the fact that a woman’s place in society is extremely crucial. Her presence and contribution in many domains solve many problems.
At the political level, a woman’s presence in regional, national and international meetings is vital to speak on the behalf of millions of deprived, illiterate and defenceless women. Who can better urge a woman to get educated and struggle for rights than a womn herself ?
At the economic level, she can support her family financially and help them lead a comfortable life. A working woman has got the means to improve the standard of living of the people under her responsibility by providing adequate food, better education and health care.
At the social level, she can participate in the development of her country by going out to work and sharing responsibility with man. Thus, she can bridge gaps, and build confidence among hopeless and desperate women. Both women and men can ensure a safer world for the coming generations.

POVERTY

Poverty has many causes. First, it is due to severe droughts. Irregular weathers have been so frequent for many years. As a consequence, farming faces hard times and farmers give up their jobs, abandon their land and move to cities. Another reason is that wars : civil wars, ethnic wars etc break out here and there. As a result, millions of people leave their homeland in search of a safer place. Globalization has made the poor poorer and the rich richer. Hence, poverty has led millions of people throughout the world to immigrate to richer and safer places.

UNEMPLOYMENT(البطالة)

Advanced technology has deeply transformed our life. It has shortened distances and improved the way we live. No doubt, life is much more comfortable than ever before. Nevertheless, modern life has drawbacks. Millions of people are on the dole because the factories where they work have closed down. More than this, economic crisis compels these firms to limit services and reduce their work opportunities. As a result, many people find themselves in the street. Another factor that contibutes to unemployment is that machines are taking man’s place. Employers strongly hold the view that automation speeds up production and stablises its pace. What’s more, machines never go on a strike and do not ask for a raise in salaries !..

HOMELESS CHILDREN

Street kids, runaways, or children living in poverty are sometimes intentionally disfigured to attract more money from passersby. These victims are often beaten or injured if they don't bring in enough money. They are also vulnerable to sexual abuse.Ranging in age from three to eighteen, about 40% are homeless. They are unable to attend school and are considered to live in "especially difficult circumstances”. , these children are the defenseless victims of brutal violence, sexual exploitation, Street living children are children who may have lost their families through war or illness, or have been abandoned because they had It is not unusual to see children as young as four or five years old working in the street, selling chewing gum and matches. These children often resort to theft and prostitution for survival. Most of them are addicted to shoe glue, which cause brain damage They put it into bottles, and hide it under their tee shirts, guarding it with their lives. They sniff it constantly because it gets them high and masks their loneliness and gives them security. Soon they are on to harder drugsWithout education they have little hope of getting a decent job or building a better life in the future.